Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Features of apple flower organogenesis under chemical thinning of fruit set
This article presents the results of observations on flower bud differentiation conducted in 2021–2023 in the Grodno Region under annual chemical thinning treatments of fruit set in the apple cultivars Alesya and Arnabel, compared with untreated controls. It was established that the minimum sum of effective temperatures above +5 °C required to initiate flower differentiation in commercial apple cultivars in western Belarus was 892.0 °C (in 2021). During the observation period, it was noted that in years with elevated temperatures in the first half of the growing season, flower organogenesis began at later dates. No differences in the timing of the first three stages of flower differentiation were observed between the chemical thinning and control variants during the first two years of fruit load regulation. However, in the third year of chemical thinning treatments, earlier progression through all stages of flower bud morphogenesis (by 2–8 days) was recorded in both cultivars.
Growth dynamics of Bibaum® apple tree nursery plants depending on methods of shoot formation stimulation in the first year field of a nursery
The conducted research showed that the greatest and most prolonged influence on the growth dynamics and final height of seedlings was exerted by the preparation Regalis. Removal of the shoot apex caused a temporary cessation or slowdown of growth for approximately one ten-day period; subsequently, the budded plants resumed growth at a rate comparable to the control. Double pinching of apical leaves, as well as treatment with the preparation Arbolin, did not significantly affect the growth dynamics of the plants.
Control of sucking pests using the two-component formulation Kormoran, EC (novaluron, 100 g/L + + acetamiprid, 80 g/L)
In order to expand the range of plant protection products against sucking pests of apple trees, such as aphids (Aphis pomi Deg., Dysaphis mali Ferr.) and the apple leaf midge (Dasineura mali Kieff.), a study was conducted in 2023–2024 on the two-component insecticide Kormoran, EC, from the chemical groups neonicotinoids and chitin synthesis inhibitors, applied at rates of 0.3 and 0.6 L/ha. Two-year trials, conducted under conditions favorable for the development of sucking phytophages, showed that two applications of the tested product reduced populations of green apple aphid and apple–plantain aphid by 97.2–100 %, and apple leaf midge by 100 %. Based on these results, the insecticide Kormoran, EC (novaluron, 100 g/L + acetamiprid, 80 g/L), was included in the ‘State Register of Plant Protection Products and Fertilizers Approved for Use in the Republic of Belarus’, including for use against aphids and apple leaf midge at the specified rates of 0.3 and 0.6 L/ha.
Results of marker-assisted pear breeding in Belarus
DNA markers represent an alternative to classical breeding for the selection of cultivars and hybrids based on economically valuable traits. This article presents the results of applying a marker-assisted selection (MAS) method for the identification of pear genotypes in the national collection of the Republic of Belarus. Genetic profiles were obtained for 47 pear accessions using the EDPGR-recommended set of markers, which enables generation of comparable data across laboratories worldwide, thus contributing to a more efficient evaluation of Belarusian genetic resources, variety protection, and coordinated international data exchange. The markers were grouped into duplex and triplex multiplex sets to improve the efficiency of genotyping through simultaneous analysis at multiple loci using fragment analysis. Cluster analysis revealed intraspecific genetic relationships among the studied pear cultivars. A dendrogram illustrating genetic similarity was constructed.
Pollinator cultivars for monocultivar pear orchards in Belarus.
This article presents the results of a study conducted at the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’ on flowering periods, pollen quality, self-fertility, and cross-compatibility of the most commercially important pear cultivars in Belarus: Belorusskaya Pozdnyaya, Beurré Alexandre Lucas, Zaveya, Prosto Mariya, Spakusa, Talgar Beauty, Conference, and the new cultivar Kalyadnaya currently undergoing state testing. Depending on pre-vegetation weather conditions, flowering of the studied cultivars began when the sum of effective temperatures above 5 °C reached 142–193 °C. An annual five-day overlap in flowering periods was observed. High-quality pollen with a fertility level of at least 75 % and viability of no less than 18 % was noted in the cultivars Belorusskaya Pozdnyaya, Prosto Mariya, Spakusa, and Conference. The cultivars Talgar Beauty, Spakusa, and Kalyadnaya were found to be self-fertile, while partial self-fertility was observed in Belorusskaya Pozdnyaya, Conference, and Prosto Mariya. Cross-compatibility among cultivars was assessed, and Prosto Mariya was identified as a universal pollinator for monocultivar orchards.
Growth characteristics of own-rooted pear (Pyrus) plants of the Spakusa cultivar under conditions of the Gomel Region
For the first time, the biological characteristics of growth and development of own-rooted pear trees of the Spakusa cultivar, propagated via in vitro culture, were studied under the conditions of the Gomel Region with two planting schemes in a young orchard. Phenological development of own-rooted pear trees in the second year after planting progressed more slowly during periods of cold weather and, conversely, accelerated during warm and sunny conditions. The following phenophases of vegetative bud development were recorded: bud swelling – early April (first ten-day period); bud break – late April (first ten-day period); formation of the first lower leaves – mid-April (second ten-day period); initial shoot growth – one ten-day period later; end of shoot elongation – late first ten-day period of August. It was found that during the first two years after planting, there were no statistically significant differences in the growth and development of Spakusa own-rooted pear trees between the two planting schemes used in the young orchard.
Introduction of zoned pear cultivars into in vitro culture in the Republic of Belarus
Sterile and viable explants were obtained from nine pear cultivars zoned in the Republic of Belarus, including eight Belarusian-bred cultivars: Belorusskaya Pozdnaya, Viliya, Zaveya, Kupala, Prosto Maria, Spakusa, Yasachka (P. communis × × P. × ussuriensis), Kudesnitsa (P. communis × P. × pyrifolia), and one introduced cultivar–Talgarskaya Krasavitsa (P. communis × P. × pyrifolia). It is advisable to initiate in vitro culture during the periods of full dormancy (Viliya, Zaveya) or forced dormancy (Belorusskaya Pozdnaya, Kupala, Prosto Maria, Spakusa, Talgarskaya Krasavitsa, Yasachka), using the following sterilization protocol: 60 minutes in 0.5 % Oxychom with Tween-20 (non-sterile, using a shaker at 190 rpm); then, under a laminar flow hood: 1 minute in 70 % ethanol, 15 minutes in 33 % hydrogen peroxide, and 5 minutes rinsing in sterile distilled water. For the cultivar Kudesnitsa, it is recommended to initiate in vitro culture during full dormancy using a stricter sterilization protocol: 60 minutes in 0.5 % Oxychom with Tween-20 (non-sterile, using a shaker at 190 rpm); then, under a laminar flow hood: 1 minute in 70 % ethanol, 7 minutes in 0.1 % mercuric chloride, and three 5-minute rinses in sterile distilled water.
Introduction to in vitro culture and micropropagation of various Chaenomeles species (Chaenomeles Lindl.).
This article presents research data on the efficiency of in vitro introduction and micropropagation of promising hybrids of Japanese quince, flowering quince, and hybrid quince (Chaenomeles japonica, Chaenomeles speciosa, and Chaenomeles × superba, respectively), along with multiplication rates at different subculturing stages. The regeneration capacity of explants of C. japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach, C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai, and C. × superba (Frahm) Rehder in in vitro culture depends on varietal characteristics. High explant viability was observed in hybrid C-47 (82.60 %), cultivar Likhtar (73.01 %), hybrid 1-34-22 (72.22 %), and hybrid 01-2019-1 (60.31 %). The number of subcultures significantly affected the multiplication rate. In C. japonica, high multiplication rates were recorded in cultivar Likhtar (5.60) and promising hybrids C-47 (5.13) and 1-66-05 (5.83). In C. speciosa, the highest multiplication rate was observed in hybrid 1-52-22 at the sixth subculture (3.7). In C. × superba, the maximum multiplication rates were also observed at the sixth subculture: 3.73 in hybrid 1-34-22 and 3.2 in hybrid 1-38-22.
Breeding of European plum for large fruit size
The article presents the results of an evaluation of a collection of European plum accessions based on fruit weight and key commercial fruit qualities, aimed at determining their effectiveness in hybridization and identifying promising initial forms for large-fruit-size breeding under the conditions of Belarus. Based on long-term observations, 18 sources of large fruit size were identified for use as parental forms in the breeding process: 8 genotypes of Belarusian origin – Vengerka Belorusskaya, Volat, Delikatnaya, Kromanh, Nagrada Nemanskaya, and elite hybrids 11-01/15 (Kuban Rannya × Volat), 09-6/36 ([Narach × Volzhskaya Krasavitsa] × Narach), 09-7/50 (Mlievchanka × Delikatnaya); and 10 introduced cultivars from diverse ecological and geographical origins with a high level of adaptability to the Belarusian environment — Kuban Rannya, Smolinka, Trudovnitsa Mlieva, Adelyn, Empress, President, Roman, Romanta, Sonora, and Čačanska Rana.
Genetic diversity study of common cherry cultivars using SSR markers
Microsatellite DNA markers (SSRs) are effectively used for studying the genetic diversity of germplasm and for DNA fingerprinting of fruit crop cultivars. In this study, ten SSR markers were applied to analyze polymorphism across 12 common cherry genotypes. The results indicate a relatively high level of genetic diversity among the studied cultivars. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 20, with a total of 93 alleles identified. The average number of alleles per locus across the 12 cultivars was 9.3. Among the SSR markers used, EMPA015 showed the highest allelic diversity with 20 alleles, while EMPA006 was the least polymorphic. The remaining markers revealed between 4 and 13 alleles per locus. Some cherry cultivars were found to possess rare and unique alleles. Based on the SSR data, molecular genetic profiles were constructed for the 12 cherry cultivars included in the State Register of Plant Varieties approved for cultivation in various types of farms in the Republic of Belarus.
Assessment of winter hardiness in rootstock forms and scionrootstock combinations of sour and sweet cherry under field and controlled conditions
This article presents the results of studies on the winter hardiness of 19 rootstock forms and 42 scion–rootstock combinations of sour and sweet cherry using artificial freezing and field trials. The main evaluation criteria included: resistance to autumn and early frosts; maximum frost tolerance developed by plants after the end of organic dormancy; the ability to maintain resistance to low temperatures during winter thaws; and the capacity to re-acquire frost tolerance through reacclimation after thaws. In both field conditions and artificial freezing under various regimes, the most frost-sensitive tissue was found to be the vascular–conductive tissue of the sub-bud node. The winter hardiness of one-year shoot tissues and vegetative buds was established in 11 cherry and sweet cherry rootstocks, including the standard rootstocks VSL-2 and Gisela-5, and the forms AI 15-53, FIL-6, AI-74, BR, KV, AIR, AI-77, RVL-9, and AI-1B; as well as in 18 sour cherry and 20 sweet cherry scion–rootstock combinations. Four sweet cherry combinations were identified as frost-sensitive in the vascular–conductive tissue of the sub-bud node, with slight damage (score 2): Antares on VSL-2 (standard); Naslazhdenie and Regula on RVL-9; and Regula on AI-5.
Application of molecular genetic analysis for identification of self-incompatibility alleles in sweet cherry cultivars in Belarus
The study of self-incompatibility in sweet cherry is a relevant scientific issue with significant practical importance, primarily due to the necessity of selecting optimal pollinizer cultivars and designing effective orchard planting schemes. Therefore, the main objective of this research was the molecular-genetic identification of self-incompatibility gene (S-gene) alleles in zoned sweet cherry cultivars. To achieve this, consensus primer pairs PaConsI and PaConsII, as well as allele-specific DNA markers, were used for additional confirmation. The S-gene allele composition was determined for 14 zoned sweet cherry cultivars, with seven alleles identified out of the 33 known. For the cultivars Belitsa, Ovstuzhenka, Severnaya, Gronkovaya, Medunitsa, and Tyutchevka, only partial allele composition was established, suggesting the presence of rare alleles. Allele frequencies were assessed, revealing that S3, S6, and S5 are the most common among the studied cultivars. Cultivars with fully identified S-gene alleles were grouped into self-incompatibility groups, resulting in eight distinct groups. The largest was Group VII (alleles S3S5), represented by five cultivars. The data obtained on the S-gene allele composition and the grouping of cultivars by incompatibility types will be used in breeding programs and for planning commercial sweet cherry orchards.
Monitoring of viral diseases in stone fruit crops in the orchards of the Institute of Fruit Growing
Laboratory studies (ELISA) were carried out in the biotechnology department of the Republican Unitary Enterprise ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’ during 2018–2024. Monitoring was conducted in mother orchards, breeding collections, and selection gardens of the fruit crop nursery and breeding departments. The occurrence of Plum pox virus (PPV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), and Peach rosette mosaic virus (PRMV) was assessed. During the study period, 575 samples were tested (151 distinct cultivars, forms, and hybrids), including: 67 samples of sour cherry, 138 of sweet cherry, 109 of plum, 71 of cherry plum, 77 of peach, 35 of apricot, 3 of almond, 20 rootstocks of plum, apricot, and peach, and 55 rootstocks of sour and sweet cherry.
Introduction of berry cultivars selected by A. I. Astakhov in Belarus
The article presents the results of studies on the main economically valuable indicators of 12 blackcurrant cultivars (Dobrynya, Kudmig, Litvinovskaya, Mavladi, Nara, Partizanka Bryanskaya, Podarok Astakhova, Sevchanka, Selechenskaya, Selechenskaya-2, Uslada, Chara) and 2 samples of summer-ripening raspberry (Lyubetovskaya, Sviryel) selected by A. I. Astakhov from the All-Russian Research Institute of Lupin (currently the Federal Scientific Center for Feed Production and Agroecology named after V. R. Williams). The assessment was conducted in the Berry Crops Department of the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’ according to the methodology of the VNIISPK from 2022 to 2024. Based on the study results, the highly productive and pest-resistant cultivars Kudmig and Selechenskaya-2 were first introduced into hybridization as sources of a complex of economically valuable traits. The blackcurrant cultivar Selechenskaya-2 has been included in the state register of agricultural plant varieties for backyard cultivation in the Republic of Belarus since 2018. The raspberry cultivar Sviryel demonstrated high winter hardiness and productivity, low thorniness of shoots, and high tasting scores for the fruits. The strong susceptibility to fungal diseases indicates the need for chemical protection of this cultivar in the natural climatic conditions of Belarus.
Effect of light spectral composition, succinic and folic acids on rooting of garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivar Asia in in vitro culture
The study was conducted under laboratory conditions in the Department of Fruit Growing at the RUE ‘Brest Regional Agricultural Experimental Station of the NAS of Belarus’ in 2021–2022. The research objects were regenerant plants of the garden strawberry cultivar Asia. The effect of light spectral composition, as well as the addition of succinic and folic acids, on the rooting of strawberry in in vitro culture was investigated. At the micropropagation stage, the highest percentage of rooted regenerant plants was observed under lighting with a red-blue-orange spectral combination when using MS medium supplemented with succinic acid (37.4 %) and folic acid (51.5 %). At the rooting stage, the highest number of roots was recorded on MS medium with folic acid under ‘full-spectrum’ light ((10.5 ± 0.46) roots) and under a ‘red, blue, infrared, ultraviolet’ light composition ((10.7 ± 0.69) roots). The maximum average root length ((3.8 ± 0.12) cm) was obtained using MS medium with folic acid under red-blue-orange light. The addition of succinic and folic acids to the MS medium increased the rooting rate of Fragaria × ananassa cv. Asia regenerants up to (100 ± 0.00) %.
Assessment of gray mold susceptibility in summer-fruiting raspberry cultivars under Belarusian conditions
This article presents the results of a multi-year evaluation of the raspberry genetic resource collection at the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’, comprising 38 summer-fruiting cultivars, for their susceptibility to gray mold. The research was conducted in 2021–2023 under natural infection pressure at the experimental plot of the Berry Crops Department using the standard methodology developed by VNIISPK (Orel, 1999). As a result, the most resistant cultivars of various geographical origins were identified – those with fruit yield losses not exceeding 5.0 %. These included Belarusian cultivars: Dvoynaya, Myadovaya, Uslada; Russian: Alaya Rossyp, Antares, Lavina, Sputnik, Tarusa, Turmalin; Ukrainian: Kozachka, Fenomen; Romanian: Ruvi; and British: Octavia. These cultivars may serve as valuable sources of resistance to this fungal disease for future breeding programs.
Agrobiological characteristics of serviceberry under conditions of the Republic of Belarus
This article presents three-year results of phenological observations and the evaluation of key agronomic and biological traits of five serviceberry accessions. The study included two species – alder-leaved serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) and Bartram’s serviceberry – as well as three cultivars of A. alnifolia of Canadian origin (Mandan, Northline, Smokey) from the genetic resource collection of the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’. Evaluations were carried out according to standard methodologies. Based on a combination of biometric traits and productivity, Amelanchier alnifolia was identified as the most promising. It produced 26 one-year shoots with a total length of 689.0 cm, a fruiting score of 5 points, and an average berry weight of 0.71 g, indicating high adaptability to the natural and climatic conditions of Belarus (resilience to temperature fluctuations, moisture levels, and light availability at the growing site).
Incidence and harmfulness of gray mold in highbush blueberry in Belarus
This article presents data from studies conducted in 2021–2024 on the assessment of gray mold incidence in commercial plantations of highbush blueberry. It was determined that weather conditions during flowering and berry ripening, cultivar-specific traits, and plant protection measures significantly influence infection of generative organs. A differentiation in susceptibility to gray mold was revealed among highbush blueberry cultivars of different ripening times. Among mid-season cultivars, Bluecrop, Bluegold, and Nelson were the most affected, while Patriot was notably affected among early cultivars. Total yield losses from gray mold during the growing season were estimated.
Effect of foliar applications of the micronutrient nanofertilizer Nanoplant-Co, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Mo, Se, B. Ultra + Boron on the yield, berry weight, and storage duration of highbush blueberry
Two-year trials conducted on four cultivars of highbush blueberry assessed the efficacy of the micronutrient fertilizer Nanoplant-Co, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Mo, Se, B. Ultra + Boron. The results demonstrated that this new formulation, based on nanoparticles of micronutrient compounds, exhibits significantly higher biological effectiveness compared to conventional chelated micronutrient fertilizers, reducing the total seasonal micronutrient application rate by a factor of 20 (from 234.0 to 11.7 g/ha). The low application rate combined with high efficacy enabled more frequent foliar treatments throughout the entire growing season – from bud swell to peak fruiting – meeting the continuous micronutrient demands of the plants. The use of Nanoplant-Co, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Mo, Se, B. Ultra + Boron accelerated berry ripening, increased average fruit weight, improved yield, and extended postharvest storage life.
Establishment and maintenance of an in vitro collection of Actinidia (Actinidia Lindl.) cultivars
A review of the literature on the morphological characteristics of Actinidia suggested that, for effective preservation of plants in in vitro culture, subculturing nodal segments with 2–3 axillary buds should be prioritized. The study was conducted at the Biotechnology Department of the Republican Unitary Enterprise Institute of Fruit Growing during 2024–2025. The objects of study were male and female forms of two Actinidia species: A. kolomikta – Pryvabny (male), Sentyabrskaya, and Prevoshodnaya (female); A. arguta – Kаmandor (male), and Kievskaya Krupnoplodnaya (female). The effectiveness of proliferation in in vitro culture was assessed by the following parameters: multiplication rate per test tube, number of shoots per test tube, multiplication rate per shoot, and percentage of rooted plants. The influence of explant type, species, sex, and cultivar-specific traits on the studied parameters was analyzed. The best proliferation efficiency was achieved using nodal segments during subculturing. Nodal segments with 2–3 axillary buds were found to be the most suitable explants for maintaining the collection and preserving the proliferative and rhizogenic potential of regenerant plants.
Identification of sources of economically valuable traits in hazelnut
The article presents the results of an analysis of a Corylus L. collection based on 13 traits (winter hardiness, tolerance to spring frost during flowering, flowering time of male catkins, duration of physiological dormancy, duration of the juvenile period, capacity for autogamy, number of nuts per infructescence, average nut weight, kernel yield, nut shape, shell thickness, fat and sugar content). For each parameter, sources were identified for use in further breeding. It is recommended to include cultivars and hybrids in the breeding process that exhibit a combination of traits for climatic winter hardiness, productivity, and nut quality: Arkadiy, Tambovsky Ranniy, Yashma, Kvachovsky Red No. 7, 14-1/22 (F1 Barselonsky), 14-5/5 (F1 Tambovsky Ranniy).
Agronomic characteristics of Belarusian hazelnut cultivars and the nutritional value of nuts
The article presents data on the agronomic and biological characteristics of the Belarusian hazel cultivars Yashma, Lal, and Arkadiy. The timing and type of flowering, as well as the required sum of effective temperatures above 0 °C for breaking dormancy in male catkins and female flowers, were determined. Differences were identified among the studied cultivars regarding yield distribution depending on shoot length. For the observation period (2022–2024), average values for in-shell nut weight and kernel yield are presented. A biochemical analysis of the nuts was conducted, revealing the total sugar content (6.0–7.4 %), dry matter content (96.4–97.5 %), and fat content (63.9–67.1 %). Based on an NMR analysis of the fatty acid composition, it was shown that the oils of the studied Belarusian cultivars consist almost entirely of triacylglycerides of fatty acids – mainly oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and palmitoleic acids – with a significant predominance of oleic acid. The mineral composition of the hazelnuts grown under Belarusian conditions was determined, along with the contribution of each macroand microelement (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Cu, Zn) to the daily nutritional requirement.
Effect of different pruning methods for a free-growing spindle-shaped crown on the growth and yield of hazelnut
This article presents the results of a 2023–2024 study on pruning techniques – removal, moderate, and severe shortening of the previous year’s one-year shoots – applied to free-growing spindle-shaped hazelnut crowns, with the aim of assessing their effect on plant growth and yield. The study was carried out in a 2019 experimental orchard (autumn planting) of the Fruit Crop Breeding Department at the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’ (Samokhvalovichi, Minsk District, Minsk Region), established using two-year-old own-rooted planting material of the cultivar Catalonsky. The study analyzes tree vigor indicators (trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and its increment, horizontal crown projection area, and crown volume), the number and average weight of nuts, and overall yield to quantitatively assess hazelnut response to different pruning intensities. The results show that the agronomic technique of shortening last year’s one-year shoots (longer than 60 cm) by one-third (moderate pruning) leads to weaker vegetative growth and higher marketable yield at the beginning of fruiting (5th year after planting).
Preliminary study of the effect of mineral nutrition on the development indicators of hazelnut in a young layering nursery
The research was conducted in 2023–2024 at the Nursery Department of the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’. The article presents the results of a study on the biological characteristics of growth and development in hazelnut plants within a horizontal layering nursery under varying mineral nutrition regimes. The results showed a positive effect of foliar application of mineral fertilizers on the biometric parameters of both the aerial parts and root systems of the layers in the following treatments: Background + 0.3 % urea solution + 0.1 % potassium sulfate solution: plant height – 176.5 cm, stem diameter – 15.9 mm, rooting score – 4.6, percentage of standard layers – 93.1 %; Background + 0.8 % urea solution + 0.1 % potassium sulfate solution: height – 164.0 cm, diameter – 12.9 mm, rooting score – 4.4, standard layers – 93.9 %; Background + 0.5 % urea solution + 0.1 % potassium sulfate solution: height – 176.5 cm, diameter – 13.5 mm, rooting score – 4.0, standard layers – 89.7 %; Background + Kristalon Special: height – 172.0 cm, diameter – 13.1 mm, rooting score – 4.2, standard layers – 91.6 %.
Effect of nitrogen on yield and growth indicators of hazelnut under conditions of Belarus
The effect of different rates and frequencies of soil-applied nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and growth parameters of hazelnut was studied in a commercial fruit-bearing orchard planted in spring 2019 with two-year-old own-rooted plants of the cultivar Catalonsky. The research was conducted in 2023–2024 at the ‘Vyazovetsky Sad’ LLC, Molodechno District, Minsk Region. Over the two years of the study, higher cumulative nut yields were obtained in the treatments with additional single applications of N60 and N120 in May – 7.65 and 8.05 c/ha, respectively – which was 11.5 % and 17.3 % higher compared to the control (6.86 c/ha). Soil application of additional nitrogen doses in May (N60 and N120) significantly increased plant growth indicators- trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), horizontal crown projection area, and crown volume – compared to the baseline N120 application.
Lored – the first Belarusian technical grape cultivar for dry table wine production
Lored is a complex interspecific grape hybrid developed through the selection of the highly productive clone 23-1 of the French-bred cultivar Marshal Foch at the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’. It is an early-ripening variety with enhanced winter hardiness and increased resistance to downy mildew, powdery mildew, and gray mold (disease rating: 2 points), allowing for cultivation with minimal preventive chemical treatments. Harvesting for winemaking begins in the second ten-day period of September. The cultivar’s suitability for dry table wine production is confirmed by the biochemical composition of the berries: total soluble solids – 22.9 %, sugar content – 22.2 %, titratable acidity – 7.5 %. The highest sensory evaluation (9.7 points) was given to dry table wine made from Lored grapes with the addition of Bourgovin RC 212 yeast, based on a comprehensive set of quality indicators. The cultivar was submitted for official variety testing in 2024.
Application of modern methods for the evaluation of fruit and berry breeding material
Biochemical methods were used to evaluate plum and raspberry samples in order to identify correlations between the content of biologically active compounds and the level of adaptability. The study was conducted in 2022–2024 at the Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Physiology of Agricultural Plants of the Federal Research Center for Horticulture. The objects of research included vegetative and generative organs of European plum (Prunus domestica L.), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.), and red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). It was found that increased levels of photosynthetic pigments and calcium in plum cutting bark may serve as marker traits for high winter hardiness of a genotype. The presence of antimicrobial compounds and elevated accumulation of magnesium, sulfur, calcium, and zinc in the cuticular wax of fruits may serve as biochemical markers of resistance to Monilia fructigena with a probability of up to 39 %. A strong negative correlation (r = –0.94) was identified between the degree of winter damage and the accumulation of phenolic compounds in raspberry shoots, and a moderate positive correlation with the content of the aldehyde 2-heptanal (r = 0.55). The results support the feasibility of selecting genotypes for adaptability at early stages of ontogenesis.
Effect of storage on the proliferation of apple rootstock microshoots
The paper presents the results of research conducted at the laboratories of the Biotechnology Center of Tajik National University within the framework of the project ‘Biotechnology for the production of pathogen-free planting material and the creation of basic collections of sanitized fruit and berry crops’ (State Registration No. 0119TJ00971) during 2019–2023. The study examined the effect of in vitro storage of apple rootstocks at low positive temperatures for 75 days and 12 months. The average micropropagation coefficients of two passages before storage of microshoots of rootstocks M9, MM106, and P22 were 3.4, 3.8, and 4.1 respectively, while after 75 days of storage, they were 3.4, 2.0, and 3.9 respectively.
Berry crops as sources of functional ingredients for the healthy food industry
The article presents the results of a study of a genetic collection of berry crops (strawberry, gooseberry, raspberry, black currant, red currant, honeysuckle) based on the content of biologically active compounds and mineral substances. The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the biological value of berry crops from the perspective of breeding and technological priorities for fresh consumption and for the production of prophylactic and functional-purpose products. Lowpriority category (1 point) included vitamins B1 (except honeysuckle), B2, E, as well as mineral elements such as sodium, calcium, and zinc. Berry crops are good sources (2 points) of flavonoids and potassium. The highest priority (3 points) among the studied crops was determined by the content of vitamin C and polyphenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins. Black currant berries have a high vitamin C content (per 100 g of berries) (average content (117.3 ± 11.5) mg/100 g), as well as strawberry ((66.7 ± 1.3) mg/100 g). Honeysuckle berries are rich in anthocyanins ((218.5 ± 27.6) mg/100 g) and black currant ((201.4 ± ± 11.6) mg/100 g). Honeysuckle berries are also characterized by a high content of flavonoids ((245 ± 17) mg/100 g).
Mineral composition of berries from cultivars and selected forms of garden strawberry bred by the FSBSI Fruit Growing Research Center
The aim of the research was to identify varietal differences in the content of ash elements in strawberry fruits and to select the most valuable genotypes for further breeding. The study involved fruits of 14 cultivars, 3 selected forms of garden strawberry, and 1 cultivar of zemklunika developed at the FSBSI Fruit Growing Research Center. The chemical composition of 12 key ash elements – Mg, P, S, K, Mn, Co, Fe, Ca, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Mo – was determined using energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) on a JEOL JSM 6090 LA analytical scanning electron microscope. The elements were found to accumulate in the following descending order: K > P > Mg > Ca > Mn > S > Cu > Ni > Zn > Mo > Fe > Co. Potassium content in the fruits ranged from 5.96 wt% (Kokinskaya Zarya) to 25.57 wt% (Barynya). High potassium accumulation was observed in the cultivars Bereginya (21.29 wt%) and Barynya (25.57 wt%). High phosphorus content was recorded in Kokinskaya Zarya, Alpha, Vityaz, Barynya, and Bereginya (4.17–5.64 wt%), which significantly exceeds the average value (3.17 wt%). Magnesium levels in strawberry berries varied slightly, from 1.95 wt% (Barynya) to 3.07 wt% (Studencheskaya). The cultivar Barynya stood out for calcium accumulation (2.82 wt%). Correlation analysis revealed relationships between the ash elements. A strong positive correlation was found between S and Mg (r = 0.71), and between Mo and K (r = 0.84). The dependence between molybdenum and potassium shows that molybdenum accumulation is 71 % determined by potassium content (R² = 0.7097). The cultivars Barynya and Bereginya may serve as sources of increased potassium, phosphorus, and calcium; Studencheskaya – magnesium, iron, and zinc; Tsaritsa – iron and nickel; Rosinka – sulfur; Lyubava – copper.
Effect of nutrient medium on morphogenesis of Rubus L. representatives in in vitro culture
This study presents the results of in vitro micropropagation of raspberry cultivars with different fruiting types and garden blackberry using Driver and Kuniyuki (DKW) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, modified in terms of specific medium components. It was established that the multiplication rate (MR) is primarily influenced by the plant genotype, while the culture medium provides the conditions for expressing this potential. For traditionally fruiting raspberry cultivars Aquarelle and Dobraya, the DKW medium had a significant positive effect on this parameter. It was statistically confirmed that DKW medium promotes better shoot elongation and the formation of well-developed explants in the studied raspberry and blackberry cultivars, in contrast to MS medium.
Potential for improving fruit firmness in remontant raspberry
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for developing remontant raspberry genotypes with fruit firmness exceeding that of the best modern cultivars, and to identify promising parental combinations. The physico-mechanical properties of raspberry fruits were studied during 2022–2024. The plant material included 19 remontant raspberry cultivars, 8 selected forms, and 10 hybrid combinations. Throughout the observation period, no genotypes were found with extremely soft fruits (< 3.0 N). Firm berries capable of withstanding crushing forces of 7.6–9.0 N were produced by the cultivars Atlant (st), Medvezhonok, Salyut, and selected forms No. 44-154-2, 1-60-1, 9-113-1, and 11-165-10. According to this criterion, these genotypes meet the requirements for suitability for mechanical harvesting and ensure high fruit quality during transportation and postharvest storage. Of breeding interest are families where seedlings with very firm fruits segregate. Such hybrids were observed in the following crosses: 9-113-1 × Salyut (11.2 %), Atlant × 11-165-10 (8.4 %), 11-165-10 × 1-60-1 (2.9 %), Salyut × × Medvezhonok (5.9 %), and 1-60-1 × 9-155-1 (9.3 %).
Ex vitro adaptation of raspberry regenerant plants of the Babye Leto cultivar after storage
The paper presents the results of studies evaluating the ex vitro adaptation of raspberry regenerant plants of the Babye Leto cultivar, conducted during 2019–2022 at the laboratories of the Biotechnology Center of Tajik National University. The research was carried out within the framework of the project ‘Biotechnology for the production of pathogen-free planting material and the creation of basic collections of sanitized fruit and berry crops’ (State Registration No. 0119TJ00971). The efficiency of ex vitro adaptation of raspberry regenerant plants of the Babye Leto cultivar, propagated and rooted after 12 months of storage, was assessed. It was shown that across all substrate types, the average adaptation efficiency was 81.22 %, ranging from 16.6 % to 100 %. On BIONA-111 substrate and bio-soil : sand mixtures, a 100 % adaptation efficiency of raspberry regenerant plants was observed. The study demonstrated that the adapted regenerant plants of the Babye Leto raspberry cultivar developed a well-formed root system, shoots, and leaf mass on the adaptation substrates. No significant differences were noted in adaptation efficiency between sterile and non-sterile substrates (bio-soil + sand (autoclaved) – 95.8 % and bio-soil + sand – 100 %; bio-soil + perlite (autoclaved) – 91.6 % and bio-soil + perlite – 83.3 %).
Breeding blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) for resistance to Cecidophyopsis ribis in the southwest NonChernozem zone of Russia
This article presents the results of an evaluation of the blackcurrant genetic collection and hybrid pool at the Federal Research Center for Horticulture for resistance to the blackcurrant gall mite (Cecidophyopsis ribis). The study was conducted from 2016 to 2023 under the conditions of the southwest Non-Chernozem zone of Russia (Bryansk region). The research included 107 cultivars of various genetic origins, 30 of which were of foreign breeding, as well as approximately 17,500 seedlings. As a result, genetic sources and donors of resistance to C. ribis were identified, including cultivars such as Barmaley, Dar Smolyaninovoy, Kipiana, Svitazyanka, Chernookaya, Chudnoye Mgnovenie, Ben Hope, Big Ben, and others. Promising hybrid combinations for producing mite-resistant progeny were established: Ben Hope × Kipiana, Ben Hope × × Dar Smolyaninovoy, Kipiana × Dar Smolyaninovoy, Barmaley × Dar Smolyaninovoy, Ben Tirran × Kipiana, 9-28-1/02 × × Bryansky Agat, Dar Smolyaninovoy × Prima, and Prima × Kipiana. Selected progeny (3-16-1, 3-63-01, 3-63-02, 4-49-03, 9-197-3) were identified that combine resistance to the blackcurrant gall mite with large fruit size and tolerance to fungal diseases.
The effect of mannitol and abscisic acid on storage efficiency of Actinidia Lindl. under different cultivation conditions
Due to its natural and climatic conditions, the subtropical region of Russia is the only area in the country suitable for industrial-scale cultivation of A. deliciosa and other Actinidia Lindl. species. In this region, Actinidia plants and fruits are not affected by pests or diseases, eliminating the need for pesticide application. To establish plantations, it is essential to use sanitized, high-quality planting material produced via modern biotechnological methods. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of mannitol and abscisic acid on the storage efficiency of Actinidia Lindl. under various cultivation conditions. It was shown that growth minimization of Actinidia plants under low positive temperature and light intensity in vitro allows for the preservation of viable microshoots for 90–120 days without subculturing. It was found that after storage the microshoots of Actinidia transplanted to the MS nutrient medium had a high regenerative ability. The highest percentage of viable microshoots of A. arguta (61.7–68.3 %) and A. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ (59.7–63.7 %) was recorded after subculturing (60–80 days) from a nutrient medium containing 1 mg/L of mannitol and ABA, and in the control (without mannitol and ABA) under light conditions of 2000 lux and an ambient temperature of +23 °C.
Biological characteristics and biochemical parameters of fruits of the European cranberrybush – Viburnum opulus L. in cultivation (Altay Botanical Garden).
This article presents the results of a study on the ecological and biological characteristics of the European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) in an introduction population established in 2013 using three-year-old seedlings. The introduction population comprises 28 forms and 71 plants from four habitats of the Western Altai. Morphometric parameters of vegetative and generative structures are described. Variability was studied across 25 key traits at both the endogenous and individual levels. Individual variability was assessed in separate specimens, while endogenous variability involved analyzing morphological and agronomic traits within the crown of a single plant. High variability was observed in the following traits: shrub height, cluster size, number of flowers and fruits per cluster, and fruit weight. Biochemical analyses revealed data on the accumulation of vitamins and flavonoids in the fruits. The accumulation of biologically active compounds (BACs) and flavonoids was influenced by both genotype and environmental conditions. Combining key agronomic and biological traits with optimal biochemical composition of the fruits (in terms of BACs and flavonoids) allowed the selection of the forms Shtambovaya (45-1) and Zhemchuzhnoye Ozherele (32-8) for comprehensive practical use.
Summary of in vitro cultivation results of grape seeds of different origins
A technology for in vitro embryo cultivation without extraction from the seed has been developed. A seed coat fragment with tissues adjacent to the embryo protects it from abrupt exposure to the culture medium, reducing stress and promoting gradual adaptation. Several common features of seed germination, seedling growth, and plant development were identified: a prolonged germination period; a high proportion of abnormal seedlings; occurrence of polyembryony; and a high rate of plant lethality at early developmental stages. The pathway for realization of morphogenetic potential depended on genotype, seedling morphology, and hormonal stimulation of growth and development processes. Direct morphogenesis was observed in seedlings with a well-developed hypocotyl and cotyledonary leaves. Manipulation of BAP concentrations enabled control over the plant formation process, including: direct plant development, proliferation of multiple shoots followed by rooting, and shoot formation from callus tissue via gemmogenesis or embryoidogenesis. The less viable the progeny, the more frequently plants developed through indirect morphogenesis. Four early-maturing grape cultivars bred by the Magarach Institute were obtained using the developed technology.
Comparative study of the quality and storage life of columnar apple fruits
In 2023–2024, a comparative study on the quality and storability of columnar apple fruits was conducted at the Storage and Processing Department of the RUE ‘Fruit Growing Institute’. The fruits were stored under regular atmospheric conditions at a temperature of +3 to +5 °C. The study focused on fruits from six columnar apple cultivars (Valyuta, Moskovskoye Ozherele, Girlyanda, Sozvezdiye, Lukomor, Yantarnoe Ozherele), grown in the experimental orchard of the Nursery Department at the RUE ‘Fruit Growing Institute’. The research revealed differences in fruit shape and weight. All cultivars were classified as medium-fruited, with average fruit weight ranging from 125.0 to 152.0 g. After 140 days of storage, the highest proportion of healthy fruits was observed in the cultivars Lukomor, Yantarnoe Ozherele, and Valyuta (92.7–94.0 %), along with the lowest incidence of fungal diseases (2.5–5.1 %). The highest incidence of fruit rot was recorded in the cultivars Sozvezdiye and Girlyanda (9.0–10.0 %), with healthy fruit yields of 87.8 % and 87.2 %, respectively.
Assessment of the susceptibility of commercial apple fruits to bitter pit during storage
The study was conducted in 2023–2024 at the Storage and Processing Department of the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’. The research focused on fruits of five apple cultivars (Alesya, Arnabel, Vesyalina, Ligol, and Redkraft), which form the core of the institute’s commercial fresh fruit production. The results revealed cultivar-specific susceptibility of apple fruits to bitter pit, based on the content and ratios of mineral nutrients (calcium, potassium, and magnesium). The lowest incidence was observed in the Belarusian-bred cultivars Alesya (1.0 %) and Vesyalina (2.3 %), while higher percentages were recorded in Arnabel (9.7 %) and Redkraft (9.8 %). The highest susceptibility was noted in Ligol (15.5 %).
Effect of calcium content and other mineral nutrients on the incidence of bitter pit in stored apple fruits
The study was conducted in 2023–2024 at the Storage and Processing Department of the Republican Unitary Enterprise ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’. The research focused on fruits of five apple cultivars (Alesya, Arnabel, Vesyalina, Ligol, and Redkraft), which form the core of the institute’s fresh market assortment. Threshold values for calcium content and the (K + Mg)/Ca ratio in stored apples were identified to minimize losses from bitter pit. For cultivar Arnabel, calcium content should be no less than 12.3 mg/100 g, with a (K + Mg)/Ca ratio not exceeding 17.0 relative units; for Ligol — calcium ≥ 7.2 mg/100 g and ratio ≤ 24.5; and for Redkraft — calcium ≥ 13.5 mg/100 g and ratio ≤ 14.2. Regression modeling of the dependence of bitter pit incidence on calcium content showed that linear models were the most appropriate for Arnabel, Ligol, and Redkraft. In contrast, the relationship between bitter pit and the (K + Mg)/Ca ratio was best described using logarithmic models.
Sensory characteristics of juices from apple fruits harvested at different times
This article presents the sensory (organoleptic) characteristics of direct-pressed juices from seven apple cultivars with different harvest periods: autumn – Slava Pobeditelyam; autumn-winter – Redkraft; winter – Syabryna; and late-winter – Belorusskoye Sladkoye, Vesyalina, Imant, and Nadzeiny. The study analyzed how juice quality varies depending on harvest time and short-term postharvest storage. Optimal juice production timing to achieve favorable organoleptic characteristics was determined as follows: Slava Pobeditelyam, Redkraft, and Vesyalina – at the stage of technical ripeness; Syabryna and Nadzeiny – 14 days after reaching technical ripeness; Imant – 14 days after reaching harvest maturity. For fruits processed from cold storage, the optimal juice production time was: Slava Pobeditelyam, Redkraft, and Vesyalina – 7 days after reaching technical ripeness; Syabryna and Imant – 14 days after reaching harvest maturity.
Genotypic features of biochemical composition and antioxidant complex transformation in blue honeysuckle berries during storage under low positive temperature in normal atmospheric conditions
This paper presents the results of a comparative study on the transformation of the biochemical composition in berries of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea) cultivars Aurora, Zojka, Wojtek, Indigo Gem, Honey Bee, and Leningradsky Velikan during 8 days of storage under normal atmospheric conditions at a temperature of (+4 ± 1) °C. It was found that berry contents decreased by 17–32% in free organic acids, 20–40 % in ascorbic acid, 16–50% in hydroxycinnamic acids, 3–14 % in pectins, 19–34 % in tannins, 6–14 % in anthocyanin pigments (including 5–26 % in anthocyanins proper, 7–31 % in leucoanthocyanins, and 3–6 % in vitamin P compounds), while increasing by 7–25 % in catechins, 7–36 % in flavonols, 8–29 % in soluble sugars, and showing a 34–82 % rise in the sugar-to-acid ratio. The direction and magnitude of these trends were determined by storage duration, plant genotype, and the chemical nature of the organic compounds. In most honeysuckle taxa, the overall nutritional and vitamin value – assessed using 14 biochemical indicators – decreased by 1.3–1.9 times. The smallest decline was observed in Indigo Gem and Honey Bee, while the greatest loss occurred in Wojtek. Notably, Zojka berries exhibited a 1.2-fold increase in integrated value. The transformation of the biochemical composition was accompanied by a weakening of antiradical properties, especially during the second stage of storage. This was due to a reduction in antioxidant and enzymatic activity by 10–42 % and 9–73 %, respectively. The least degradation of the antioxidant complex was observed in the zoned cultivar Leningradsky Velikan, and the greatest – 5.5 times higher – was recorded in Honey Bee.
Genotypic features of carbohydrate complex transformation in Vaccinium corymbosum L. fruits during storage under normal atmospheric conditions at low positive temperatures
This paper presents the results of a comparative study on genotypic features of changes in the content of pectic substances, soluble sugars, and the sugar-to-acid ratio in berries of six newly introduced highbush blueberry cultivars – early ripening: Chanticleer, Hannah’s Choice; mid-season: Bluegold, Harrison; late-ripening: Aurora, Rubel – as well as zoned cultivars corresponding to these ripening groups: Weymouth, Bluecrop, and Elliott. Measurements were taken at two storage stages with a 10-day interval under normal atmospheric conditions at low positive temperatures (+4 ± 1) °C. At the final stage of storage, berries showed a 7–32 % increase in soluble sugars and a 35–119 % rise in the sugar-to-acid ratio, accompanied by a 2–17 % decrease in pectic substances compared to initial levels. The direction and intensity of carbohydrate complex transformation trends were found to depend on the chemical nature of the compounds, plant genotype, fruit ripening time, and storage duration.
Evaluation of the suitability of the technical grape cultivar Marechal Foch grown in Belarus for the production of dry table wine
This article presents the results of a two-year study assessing the suitability of the technical grape cultivar ‘Marechal Foch’, grown in various terroirs (Fruit Crop Breeding and Fruit Growing Technology Departments of the RUE ‘Institute of Fruit Growing’ (Minsk District, Minsk Region); OJSC ‘Ostromechevo’ (Brest District, Brest Region); and the ‘Velikaya Rayevka’ branch of OJSC ‘Krynitsa’ (Kopyl District, Minsk Region)), for the production of red dry table wine. In the studied fresh grape samples, the content of soluble solids, sugars, and titratable acids ranged from 21.7–26.3 %, 21.2–25.2 %, and 6.8–8.7 %, respectively, with pH values between 2.79 and 2.87. In all wine samples – both before and after malolactic fermentation and cryostabilization – the pH ranged from 3.52 to 3.82, sugar content was below 0.5 g/L, and ethanol content in the final product was 10–13 %. The average sensory evaluation scores of the red dry table wine samples ranged from 7.9 to 8.8 points, and all samples fully complied with the requirements of GOST 32030-2021 ‘Wines. General Technical Specifications’.
Technological regulations for the cultivation of highbush blueberry
Based on the results of scientific research, a review of literature, and an analysis of practical experience in establishing and managing highbush blueberry plantations at the sectoral laboratory of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and in specialized farms across the country – using domestic mechanization tools and taking into account the agrobiological characteristics of the crop – a revised sector-specific technological regulation for the cultivation of highbush blueberry has been developed. The document includes guidelines for land selection and site organization, soil substrate preparation, seedling requirements and planting techniques, soil management in the in-row and inter-row zones, pruning and irrigation practices, as well as harvesting and storage of berries, adapted to the natural and economic conditions of the Republic of Belarus.
Cytokinins: general information and application in in vitro culture
This article is dedicated to plant hormones – cytokinins (both natural and synthetic). It presents a classification of cytokinins based on their chemical structure, including phenylurea-type and adenine-type cytokinins, as well as isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins. The role of this class of phytohormones in plant physiology is described. It is noted that among growth regulators, cytokinins play a leading role in micropropagation during the initiation and proliferation stages of in vitro culture. The two key properties of cytokinins valuable in tissue culture are stimulation of cell division (often in conjunction with auxins) and release of lateral buds from dormancy. The article provides a detailed review of specific cytokinins such as 6-benzyladenine, kinetin, zeatin, iP, and thidiazuron. Several aspects of cytokinin application in micropropagation are discussed, including: the influence of concentration on microshoot morphology; the potential use of cytokinin mixtures; and species-specific responses to cytokinins in micropropagation.
Physiological and biochemical significance of specific nutrients in the vital functions of sweet cherry (an analytical review)
This analytical review presents literature data on the impact of specific nutrients on the growth and development processes of sweet cherry, which should be taken into account when developing differentiated cultivation technologies for this crop under the soil and climatic conditions of the Republic of Belarus.
Scientific support for the fruit and grape growing and viticulture industry in the south of Russia
Scientific support for the fruit and grape growing and viticulture sector of the Crimea
Tajik-Belarusian cooperation in the field of fruit growing